What young tenants in Spain pay, and why their overburden fell
31.5% of tenants aged 18–34 renting at market price spent more than 40% of disposable income on housing in 2025, against 42.7% in 2021 n = 1,048 young tenants
Studies
Original research that measures what practitioners take on faith. New studies are added as they are published.
23 studies
How large is Spain's public housing stock? Tracing the official figures and the EU averages they are compared with (2019–2026)
318,000 dwellings in Spain's public rental stock (Ministry survey of 2023): 1.7% of households, 1.2% of all dwellings n = 32 figures from 25 documents
What the maps did not show: dwellings inside the observed extent of the October 2024 DANA in Valencia, and the official flood maps
51.1% of dwellings inside the observed extent of the October 2024 DANA (Copernicus) lay outside every official flood zone; 39–66% across two extents and three rules n = 43,359 of 84,789
Spain's 2024 record in centres for homeless people: what the +57.5% measures
81.3% of the 2022–2024 increase in adults accommodated per day in Spain's centres for homeless people is in centres specialised in immigrants, whose definition INE changed in the record year n = 21,684 → 34,145
Did purchases by foreign non-residents fall after Spain ended its golden visa? Evidence from MIVAU's quarterly transactions, 2007–2026
−35.9% in home purchases by foreign non-residents in Madrid and Barcelona after Spain ended its golden visa, against −8.5% elsewhere; tests fixed in advance do not attribute the fall to the repeal n = 2,651 → 1,699
What Spain committed to the EU on social housing in its recovery plan, version by version (2021–2026)
−85.8% in the ICO social-housing loan line Spain committed to the EU in its recovery plan, from €4,000 million to €567,854,983 across ten versions n = 10 versions
Do public sellers show the energy label when they announce property sales in Spain's Official Gazette? A lot-by-lot audit of BOE notices, January 2025 – September 2026
47.1% of property lots that public bodies announced for sale in Spain's Official Gazette did not state an energy rating; whether a BOE sale notice must state it is an open legal question n = 144 of 306
Was there a rush to register tourist dwellings before Spain's community-approval rule of 3 April 2025? Evidence from the Comunitat Valenciana's open registry
1,093 tourist-dwelling registrations in the Comunitat Valenciana in the 14 days before Spain's community-approval rule, against 456 expected n = 1,093 vs 456 expected
Spain's record low of evictions in early 2026 and the court reform: a pre-registered test
−45.4% year on year in Spain's practised evictions in Q1-2026, a fall that coincides with a documented change in how they are counted n = 4,005 evictions
What immutable releases protect in GitHub Actions workflows
4.5% of tag references to actions that publish immutable releases point to a protected tag, in GitHub's top 1,000 repositories n = 6,898 tag references
High-value datasets on data.europa.eu: what a machine sees, and what Member States say
7 of the 27 Member States for which the European data portal identifies no high-value dataset n = 27 Member States, 27,972 HVD records
Text-and-data-mining reservations in the EU-27 press, channel by channel
7.3% of EU-27 press sites read in full state a text-and-data-mining reservation that binds any crawler n = 1,356 sites read in full
Are MiCA crypto-asset white papers published in the machine-readable format required since 23 December 2025?
32.5% of crypto-asset white papers notified or updated since 23 December 2025 lead from ESMA's registered URL to the required Inline XBRL file n = 440 white papers
Do the registration numbers on Airbnb listings exist in the official registries? Spain and New York around 20 May 2026
6.6% of Airbnb listings in five Spanish areas with a well-formed tourist-dwelling number show one we could not trace to any registered dwelling n = 2,066 of 31,222
Past the static deadlines: NeTEx on five European access points, checked against open schemas
8 of 34 timetable datasets from five European national access points are fully valid against the NeTEx XSD, all of them French n = 34 datasets, 5 access points
What can a machine verify on Spain's public-sector websites?
32.9% of Spain's public-sector home pages on HTTPS send HSTS n = 1,688 of 5,130
Do Google's AI Overviews and AI Mode keep up with Spanish rule changes? About one answer in twenty did not
5.0% of Google AI Overview answers on recently changed Spanish rules were outdated or wrong n = 12 of 240
Do AI-generated images on Wikimedia Commons carry provenance marks?
50.2% of AI images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons in June–July 2026 carry a machine-readable AI mark n = 313 uploads
Who publishes attestations on PyPI and npm — and who stopped?
23.2% of the top PyPI projects attest their latest version n = 3,479 of 14,995
Multilingual quality of drug names in Wikidata
≈0.9% of Wikidata's multilingual drug labels are wrong, a lower bound n = 34,207 labels
Do AI provenance marks survive common image, video and audio pipelines?
124/124 pixel or container rewrites removed the embedded C2PA manifest n = 124 rewrites
Spoofed AI crawlers
39.3% of requests claiming to be an AI or search crawler were spoofed n = 16,548 claims, 3 sites
Conformance of open-source Verifactu implementations
28.6% of the files presented as valid Verifactu records contain an error n = 35 files
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